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1 wrought-iron work
English-German dictionary of Architecture and Construction > wrought-iron work
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2 wrought iron work
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3 wrought iron pulley
தேனிரும்புக்கப்பி -
4 wrought iron, swarf
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5 wrought iron work
noun ferronnerie f -
6 wrought
tr[rɔːt]2 (made and decorated) hecho,-a, elaborado,-a, decorado,-a1 architecture→ link=work work{wrought ['rɔt] adj1) shaped: formado, forjadowrought iron: hierro forjadoadj.• forjado, -a adj.• labrado, -a adj.
I rɔːt(past & past p of work II 4) a)) (frml or liter)
II
wrought iron — hierro m forjado
[rɔːt]finely wrought features — (liter) rasgos finamente cincelados (liter)
1.VB†† (pt, pp) of workdestruction wrought by the floods — daños mpl causados por las inundaciones
2.ADJwrought iron — hierro m forjado
* * *
I [rɔːt](past & past p of work II 4) a)) (frml or liter)
II
wrought iron — hierro m forjado
finely wrought features — (liter) rasgos finamente cincelados (liter)
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7 wrought
wrought [rɔ:t]∎ the changes wrought by industrialization les (profonds) changements occasionnés par la révolution industrielle∎ literary wheels wrought by hand des roues façonnées ou fabriquées à la main;∎ carefully wrought prose prose f finement ciselée►► wrought iron fer m forgé;Textiles wrought silk soie f ouvragée -
8 wrought
{rɔ:l}
I. вж. work
II. 1. (грижливо) изработен/направен
2. артистично оформен
3. кован (за метал)
4. дълбоко развълнуван/възбуден* * *{rъ:l} вж. work.(2) {rъ:t} а 1. (грижливо) изработен/направен; 2. артистично* * *v p.p. от work;WROUGHT iron n ковано желязо;wrought iron; n, а (предмет) направен от ковано желязо.* * *1. i. вж. work 2. ii. (грижливо) изработен/направен 3. артистично оформен 4. дълбоко развълнуван/възбуден 5. кован (за метал)* * * -
9 wrought
[rɔːt] 1.2.it wrought havoc o destruction causò distruzione; the changes wrought by sth. — i cambiamenti apportati da qcs
1) [silver, gold] lavorato2) (devised)finely, carefully wrought — [plot, essay] finemente, accuratamente elaborato
* * *[rɔːt]1. old liter1) pt, ppSee:2)2. adj* * *wrought /rɔ:t/A pass. e p. p. (arc.) di to workB a.(tecn.) lavorato; battuto: wrought iron, ferro battuto; ( anche, metall.) ferro puddellato, ferro saldato● (metall.) wrought steel, acciaio saldato □ wrought-up, agitato; turbato; teso; nervoso □ wrought-up nerves, nervi a pezzi.* * *[rɔːt] 1.2.it wrought havoc o destruction causò distruzione; the changes wrought by sth. — i cambiamenti apportati da qcs
1) [silver, gold] lavorato2) (devised)finely, carefully wrought — [plot, essay] finemente, accuratamente elaborato
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10 wrought
1. adj1) вироблений; витончений2) оброблений, опоряджений, оздоблений3) збудженийwrought iron — м'яка (ковка) сталь
2. поет., заст. past і p.p. від work* * *I [rxːt] a; іст.,1) вироблений2) оброблений; з обробкою ( вишивкою)3) оброблений4) = wrought-up5) кований; катаний; оброблений тискIIзаст., пoeт., past, p. p. від work; v -
11 wrought
rɔ:t
1) нервный
2) ковкий
3) ковок
4) кованный
5) давлениемобработанный ∙ - wrought alloy - wrought brass - wrought iron - wrought nail - wrought structure( устаревшее) (книжное) выделанный - finely * features тонкие черты лица - * by hand ручной работы( устаревшее) (книжное) отделанный;
с отделкой (вышивкой и т. п.) (устаревшее) (книжное) обработанный - a gown of * silk наряд из тканого шелка возбужденный;
взвинченный кованый;
катаный;
обработанный давлением (устаревшее) past и р.р. от work wrought past & p. p. от work -
12 wrought
[rɔ:t]1.preterite & past participle od to work;2.adjectiveizdelan, obdelan, predelan; kovan; okrašen; vézen -
13 wrought
● wrought iron [ro:t 'aië:(r)n] n. hekur i farkëtuar● wrought up [' rotap] adj. i irrituar, i nervozuar -
14 -work
1) ((the art of making) goods of a particular material: He learns woodwork at school; This shop sells basketwork.)...-arbeiten2) (parts of something, eg a building, made of a particular material: The stonework/woodwork/paintwork needs to be renewed.)...-werk* * *- work[wɜ:k, AM wɜ:rk]1. (of special material) -arbeitmetal/wrought iron\-work Metall-/Kunstschmiedearbeit f2. (of mechanism) -werkbridge\-work Zahnbrücke f3. (of ornamentation) -arbeitembroidery/knot\-work Spitzen-/Knüpfarbeit f -
15 -work
1) ( of special material) -arbeit;2) ( of mechanism) -werk;bridge\-work Zahnbrücke f;sth runs like clock\-work etw läuft wie am Schnürchen ( fam)3) ( of ornamentation) -arbeit; -
16 ♦ work
♦ work /wɜ:k/n.1 [u] lavoro ( anche econ.); opera ( anche letteraria, ecc.); attività: DIALOGO → - Signing on with an agency- What sort of work are you looking for?, che genere di lavoro sta cercando?; Can you do this work alone?, puoi fare questo lavoro da solo?; a day's work, il lavoro d'una giornata; DIALOGO → - Computer problems- I've lost all this morning's work, ho perso tutto il lavoro di stamattina; to find (o to get) work, trovar lavoro; trovare da lavorare; A teacher does his work mainly at school, l'insegnante svolge la sua attività soprattutto a scuola; to go to work, andare al lavoro: I go to work by bus, vado al lavoro in autobus; My father is at work now, mio padre è al lavoro; ( USA) to be in work, essere in lavorazione; DIALOGO → - Dental fees- Are you in work?, ha un impiego?; to be looking for work, essere in cerca di lavoro; to be out of work, essere disoccupato; to finish work at 2 p.m., smettere di lavorare alle 14; to start work, cominciare a lavorare; to leave work early, uscire prima dal lavoro; to return to work, riprendere il lavoro; a piece of work, un lavoro; un oggetto lavorato: What a wonderful piece of work!, che magnifico lavoro!; to go (o to set) about one's work, mettersi a lavorare; intraprendere il proprio lavoro; to set sb. to work, mettere q. al lavoro; far lavorare q.; dirty work, lavoro pesante; ( anche) attività illegale; hard work, duro lavoro; seasonal work, lavoro stagionale2 ( arte, letter., mus., ecc.) opera ( anche in senso morale): a fine work of art, una bella opera d'arte; Shakespeare's complete (o collected) works, le opere complete di Shakespeare; works of mercy, opere di bene; atti di carità3 (pl.) (di solito col verbo al sing.) fabbrica; officina; opificio; stabilimento: The biggest works is outside the town, lo stabilimento più grande è fuori della città; a gas works, un'officina del gas4 (pl.) meccanismo; ingranaggio; congegno; movimento: The works need to be repaired, bisogna riparare il congegno; the works of a clock ( of a watch), il movimento di un orologio5 (pl.) opere, lavori (d'ingegneria); (mil.) fortificazioni: public works, opere di pubblica utilità; lavori pubblici; defensive works, opere di difesa; DIALOGO → - Being late- There are road works on the M1 and it's reduced to one lane, ci sono dei lavori sulla M1 e la strada è ridotta a una corsia8 (pl.) (fam.; = the full works, the whole work) tutto quanto; armi e bagagli; ogni cosa; ( di cibo) un po' di tutto; il menu completo● work area, zona lavoro □ (econ.) work by the day, lavoro a giornata; lavoro in economia □ (org. az.) works committee, commissione mista □ (ind.) work cycle, ciclo di lavorazione □ (econ.) work experience, esperienza di lavoro; esperienza professionale □ ( anche comput.) work group, gruppo di lavoro □ work-horse ► workhorse □ (org. az.) work hour, ora lavorativa □ work in hand (o in progress), lavoro in corso □ (sociol.) work-life balance, equilibrio tra lavoro e vita privata; equilibrio vita-lavoro □ (org. az.) work order, ordine (o buono) di lavorazione; commessa □ (leg.) work permit, permesso di lavoro □ work rate, quantità di lavoro; ( sport) mole di gioco svolto □ (econ.) work relief, sostegno all'occupazione □ work sheet, ► worksheet □ (cronot.) work standard, norma □ work station ► workstation □ (econ.) work stoppage, interruzione del lavoro □ (ind.) work study, studio dell'organizzazione del lavoro □ ( USA) work-study scholarship, borsa di studio con lavoro part-time □ work ticket = work order ► sopra □ all in the day's work, tutto regolare; roba d'ordinaria amministrazione □ at work, al lavoro, sul lavoro: safety at work, la sicurezza sul lavoro □ to be at the works, essere in fabbrica; essere in officina □ to be at work upon st., lavorare a qc.; essere occupato a fare qc. □ to have a hand in the work, avere le mani in pasta □ (fam.) to have one's work cut out, avere a mano un lavoro difficile; avere un bel da fare □ Keep up the good work!, bravo! continua così! □ to make short (o quick) work of, sbrigarsi a; sbarazzarsi di, far piazza pulita di: You have made short work of cleaning up the garden, ti sei sbrigato a pulire il giardino; I have made short work of him, mi sono sbarazzato di lui □ to set (o to get) to work, mettersi al lavoro; mettersi all'opera □ sexual discrimination at work, discriminazione sul lavoro in base al sesso; diversità di trattamento fra lavoratori e lavoratrici □ I have done a good day's work, ho fatto un bel po' di lavoro, oggi □ My work is in civil engineering (o as a civil engineer), faccio (di professione) l'ingegnere (civile) □ (prov.) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy, il troppo lavoro rende noiosi.NOTA D'USO: - work o job?- ♦ (to) work /wɜ:k/A v. i.1 lavorare; operare; fare un lavoro: I've been working all day, è tutto il giorno che lavoro; He isn't working at present, non sta lavorando ora; ( anche) al momento è senza lavoro (o è disoccupato); to work hard, lavorar sodo; to work alongside sb., lavorare a fianco di q.; The new cook works well, il nuovo cuoco fa bene il suo lavoro; He was given the Nobel Prize because he had worked so hard for peace, ha ricevuto il premio Nobel per aver tanto operato per la pace; DIALOGO → - Asking about routine 1- Where do you work?, dove lavori?2 funzionare ( anche fig.); fare effetto; essere efficace; andare: to work on electricity, funzionare (o andare) con la corrente (elettrica); DIALOGO → - Power cut- The fridge has stopped working, il frigo ha smesso di funzionare; I don't think your idea will work, non credo che la tua idea funzionerà; The remedy didn't work, il rimedio non ha funzionato; The plan worked very well, il piano ha avuto un buon esito3 penetrare (con difficoltà): The worm worked ( its way) into the wood, il tarlo è penetrato nel legno4 lavorarsi, manipolarsi ( bene, male, ecc.): This clay works easily, quest'argilla si manipola bene5 (fig.) maturare; fermentare: Let the idea work in your mind, lascia che l'idea ti fermenti in testa6 contrarsi; distorcersi: Mr Hyde's features began to work in an awful manner, i lineamenti di Mr Hyde cominciarono a distorcersi in modo orrendo7 (naut.) manovrare a fatica8 (mecc., naut.) allentarsi; allascarsi; avere gioco11 (naut.) bordeggiare; navigare controventoB v. t.1 lavorare; foggiare; plasmare; manipolare: to work the soil, lavorare la terra; ( cucina) to work butter [dough] well, lavorar bene il burro [la pasta]; to work clay, manipolare l'argilla; to work iron, foggiare il ferro2 far lavorare: He works his players hard [non stop], fa lavorare sodo [senza tregua] i suoi giocatori3 far funzionare; azionare; manovrare; condurre: to work a machine, far funzionare una macchina; to be worked by electricity, essere azionato dall'elettricità; andare con la corrente (elettrica); to work an engine, manovrare una locomotiva; He worked the train from London to Liverpool, condusse il treno (fece da macchinista sul treno) da Londra a Liverpool4 (tecn.) comandare: This gadget works the whole burglar-alarm, questo aggeggio comanda l'intero antifurto5 operare; causare; produrre; provocare; compiere; esercitare; fare: Automation has worked ( o wrought) many changes in the car industry, l'automazione ha operato molti cambiamenti nell'industria automobilistica; The storm worked great ruin, la tempesta ha causato gravi danni; to work mischief, provocare (o fare) danni6 (org. az.) dirigere; essere a capo di8 (econ.) sfruttare, coltivare ( una miniera): to work a coal mine, sfruttare una miniera di carbone9 operare, ricamare; fare ( cucendo o ricamando): to work one's initials on the linen, ricamare le proprie iniziali sulla biancheria10 esercitare un influsso su (q.); convincere; indurre; persuadere: You should work him to your way of thinking, dovresti indurlo a condividere il tuo modo di vedere11 (fam.) sistemare; arrangiare (fam.); fare in modo: I'll work it so that you can come as well, farò in modo che anche tu possa venire; How did she work it?, come c'è riuscita?12 ( USA) fare ( un'operazione aritmetica); risolvere ( un problema); trovare, calcolare ( un risultato)15 (fam.) lavorarsi, manipolare, sfruttare (q.)● (comput.) to work at a distance, lavorare a distanza □ ( di un oratore, ecc.) to work the audience into enthusiasm, sollevare l'entusiasmo del pubblico □ ( di un principio, ecc.) to work both ways, valere nei due sensi (o per tutti e due) □ to work closely with sb., lavorare in stretta collaborazione con q. □ (comm.: di un commesso viaggiatore) to work a district, lavorare in una zona, fare una zona □ to work double tides, fare in un giorno il lavoro di due □ ( sport) to work the edges, agire sugli spigoli ( degli sci); spigolare □ to work free, (riuscire a) liberare, sciogliere: to work one's hands free, liberarsi le mani □ (econ.) to work full-time, lavorare a tempo pieno □ to work like a beaver, lavorare come un mulo; lavorare per dieci □ to work like a dog, lavorare come un mulo □ (mecc.) to work loose, allentare; allentarsi: The nut of the bolt has worked loose, s'è allentato il dado del bullone □ to work nights, fare il turno di notte □ to work overtime, fare lavoro straordinario; fare lo straordinario □ to work part-time, lavorare a tempo parziale (o ridotto) □ to work one's passage ( on a ship), pagarsi la traversata (su una nave) lavorando a bordo □ (leg.) to work a patent, sfruttare un brevetto □ to work in shifts, lavorare a turni □ to work a typewriter, scrivere a macchina; fare il dattilografo □ to work one's way through the crowd, farsi largo a fatica tra la folla □ to work wonders, fare miracoli □ (autom.) «Men working» ( cartello), «lavori in corso» □ It worked like a charm, la cosa andò (o tutto filò) a meraviglia; funzionò come d'incanto.NOTA D'USO: - to work for o to work at?- -
17 work
/wə:k/ * danh từ - sự làm việc; việc, công việc, công tác =to be at work+ đang làm việc =to set to work+ bắt tay vào việc =to make short work of+ làm xong nhanh; đánh bại nhanh, diệt nhanh; tống nhanh đi =to cease (stop) work+ ngừng (nghỉ) việc =to have plenty of work to do+ có nhiều việc phải làm - việc làm; nghề nghiệp =to look for work+ tìm việc làm - đồ làm ra, sản phẩm =the villagers sell part of their works+ những người nông dân bán một phần sản phẩm của họ =a good day's work+ khối lượng lớn công việc làm trọn vẹn được trong ngày - tác phẩm =a work of genius+ một tác phẩm thiên tài =works of art+ những tác phẩm nghệ thuật - công trình xây dựng, công việc xây dựng =public works+ công trình công cộng (đê, đập, đường...) - dụng cụ, đồ dùng, vật liệu - kiểu trang trí, cách trang trí (đồ thêu, may, đan, đồ da...) - (kỹ thuật) máy, cơ cấu =the works of a clock+ máy đồng hồ - (số nhiều) xưởng, nhà máy ="work in progress"; "men at work"+ "công trường" - lao động, nhân công =work committee+ ban lao động, ban nhân công - (quân sự) pháo đài, công sự - (số nhiều) (hàng hải) phần tàu =upper work+ phần trên mặt nước - (vật lý) công - (địa lý,địa chất) tác dụng - (nghĩa bóng) việc làm, hành động =good works; works of mercy+ việc từ thiện, việc tốt !to give someone the works - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (từ lóng) đánh đòn ai - khử ai, giết ai !to shoot the works - đi đến cùng - dốc hết sức; dốc hết túi - thử, thử xem * nội động từ worked, wrought - làm việc =to work hard+ làm việc khó nhọc; làm việc chăm chỉ =to work to live+ làm việc để sinh sống =to work to rule+ làm việc chiếu lệ (một hình thức bãi công kín đáo của công nhân) - hành động, hoạt động, làm =to work hard for peace+ hoạt động tích cực cho hoà bình =to work against+ chống lại - gia công, chế biến =iron works easily+ sắt gia công dễ dàng - lên men =yeast makes beer work+ men làm cho bia lên men - tác động, có ảnh hưởng tới =their sufferings worked upon our feelings+ những nỗi đau khổ của họ tác động đến tình cảm của chúng ta - đi qua, chuyển động; dần dần tự chuyển (lên, xuống); tự làm cho (lỏng, chặt...) =the rain works through the roof+ mưa chảy xuyên qua mái =shirt works up+ áo sơ mi dần dần (tự) tụt lên =socks work down+ tất dần dần (tự) tụt xuống - chạy =the lift is not working+ thang máy không chạy nữa =to work loose+ long, jơ - tiến hành, tiến triển; có kết quả, có hiệu lực =his scheme did not work+ kế hoạch của nó thất bại =it worked like a charm+ công việc tiến triển tốt đẹp; công việc đã thành công - (hàng hải) lách (tàu) - nhăn nhó, cau lại (mặt); day dứt (ý nghĩ, lương tâm) =his face began to work violently+ mặt nó nhăn nhó dữ dội * ngoại động từ - bắt làm việc =to work someone too hard+ bắt ai làm việc quá vất vả - làm lên men (bia...) - thêu =to work flowers in silk+ thêu hoa vào lụa - làm cho (máy) chạy, chuyển vận =to work a machine+ cho máy chạy - làm, gây ra, thi hành, thực hiện =to work wonders+ làm những việc kỳ lạ; thành công rực rỡ =to work influence+ gây ảnh hưởng =to work a scheme+ thi hành một kế hoạch - khai thác (mỏ); trổng trọt (đất đai) - giải (một bài toán); chữa (bệnh) - nhào, nặn (bột, đất sét); rèn (sắt...); tạc (tượng); vẽ (một bức tranh); chạm (gỗ); trau (vàng, bạc) - đưa dần vào, chuyển; đưa, dẫn ((nghĩa đen) & (nghĩa bóng)) =he worked the stone into place+ anh ta chuyển hòn đá vào chỗ =to work a screw loose+ làm cho cái vít lỏng ra =to work oneself into someone's favour+ lấy lòng ai, làm cho ai quý mến mình =to work oneself into a rage+ nổi giận =to work oneself along on one's elbows+ chống khuỷu tay xuống mà bò đi =hải to work one's passage+ làm công trên tàu để được đi không phải trả tiền vé - (thông tục) sắp đặt, bày ra, bày mưu =to work something+ mưu mô một việc gì !to work away - tiếp tục làm việc, tiếp tục hoạt động !to work down - xuống, rơi xuống, tụt xuống; đưa xuống, hạ xuống !to work in - đưa vào, để vào, đút vào !to work off - biến mất, tiêu tan - gạt bỏ; thanh toán hết; khắc phục; bán tháo =to work off one's fat+ làm cho tiêu mỡ, làm cho gầy bớt đi =to work off arreasr of correspondence+ trả lời hết những thư từ còn đọng lại !to work on - tiếp tục làm việc - (thông tục) chọc tức (ai) - tiếp tục làm tác động tới !to work out - đến đâu, tới đâu, ra sao; kết thúc =it is impossible to tell how the situation will work out+ khó mà nói tình hình sẽ ra sao - thi hành, thực hiện, tiến hành (một công việc) - trình bày, phát triển (một ý kiến) - vạch ra tỉ mỉ (một kế hoạch) - tính toán; giải (bài toán); thanh toán (món nợ); khai thác hết (mỏ) - lập thành, lập (giá cả) !to work round - quay, vòng, rẽ, quành !to work up - lên dần, tiến triển, tiến dần lên - gia công - gây nên, gieo rắc (sự rối loạn) - chọc tức (ai) - soạn, chuẩn bị kỹ lưỡng (bài diễn văn) - trộn thành một khối - nghiên cứu để nắm được (vấn đề) - mô tả tỉ mỉ !to work oneself up - nổi nóng, nổi giận !to work oneself up to - đạt tới (cái gì) bắng sức lao động của mình !to work it - (từ lóng) đạt được mục đích !that won't work with me - (thông tục) điều đó không hợp với tôi -
18 ironwork
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19 Kirkaldy, David
[br]b. 4 April 1820 Mayfield, Dundee, Scotlandd. 25 January 1897 London, England[br]Scottish engineer and pioneer in materials testing.[br]The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsInstitution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Gold Medal 1864.Bibliography1862, Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Tensile Strength and Other Properties of Wrought Iron and Steel (originally presented as a paper to the 1860–1 session of the Scottish Shipbuilders' Association).Further ReadingD.P.Smith, 1981, "David Kirkaldy (1820–97) and engineering materials testing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 52:49–65 (a clear and well-documented account).LRD / FMW -
20 Cort, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1740 Lancaster, Englandd. 1800 Hampstead, near London, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the puddling process and grooved rollers for forming iron into bars.[br]His father was a mason and brickmaker but, anxious to improve himself, Cort set up in London in 1765 as a navy agent, said to have been a profitable business. He recognized that, at that time, the conversion of pig iron to malleable or wrought iron, which was needed in increasing quantities as developments in industry and mechanical engineering gathered pace, presented a bottleneck in the ironmaking process. The finery hearth was still in use, slow and inefficient and requiring the scarce charcoal as fuel. To tackle this problem, Cort gave up his business and acquired a furnace and slitting mill at Fontley, near Fareham in Hampshire. In 1784 he patented his puddling process, by which molten pig iron on the bed of a reverberatory furnace was stirred with an iron bar and, by the action of the flame and the oxygen in the air, the carbon in the pig iron was oxidized, leaving nearly pure iron, which could be forged to remove slag. In this type of furnace, the fuel and the molten iron were separated, so that the cheaper coal could be used as fuel. It was the stirring action with the iron bar that gave the name "puddling" to the process. Others had realized the problem and reached a similar solution, notably the brothers Thomas and George Cranage, but only Cort succeeded in developing a commercially viable process. The laborious hammering of the ball of iron thus produced was much reduced by an invention of the previous year, 1783. This too was patented. The iron was passed between grooved rollers to form it into bars. Cort entered into an agreement with Samuel Jellico to set up an ironworks at Gosport to exploit his inventions. Samuel's father Adam, Deputy Paymaster of the Navy, advanced capital for this venture, Cort having expended much of his own resources in the experimental work that preceded his inventions. However, it transpired that Jellico senior had, unknown to Cort, used public money to advance the capital; the Admiralty acted to recover the money and Cort lost heavily, including the benefits from his patents. Rival ironmasters were quick to pillage the patents. In 1790, and again the following year, Cort offered unsuccessfully to work for the military. Finally, in 1794, at the instigation of the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, Cort was paid a pension of £200 per year in recognition of the value of his improvements in the technology of ironmaking, although this was reduced by deductions to £160. After his death, the pension to his widow was halved, while some of his children received a pittance. Without the advances made by Cort, however, the iron trade could not have met the rapidly increasing demand for iron during the industrial revolution.[br]Bibliography1787, A Brief State of Facts Relative to the New Method of Making Bar Iron with Raw Pit Coal and Grooved Rollers (held in the Science Museum Library archive collection).Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson, 1941, "Henry Cort's bicentary", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 21: 31–47 (there are further references to grooved rollers and the puddling process in Vol. 49 of the same periodical (1978), on pp. 153–8).R.A.Mott, 1983, Henry Con, the Great Finery Creator of Puddled Iron, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.LRD
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Wrought iron — is commercially pure iron. In contrast to steel, it has a very low carbon content. It is a fibrous material due to the slag inclusions (a normal constituent). This is also what gives it a grain resembling wood, which is visible when it is etched… … Wikipedia
wrought iron — wrought iron, adj. a form of iron, almost entirely free of carbon and having a fibrous structure including a uniformly distributed slag content, that is readily forged and welded. [1670 80] * * * One of the two forms in which iron is obtained by… … Universalium
Iron ore — Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey, bright yellow, deep purple, to rusty red. The iron itself is usually found in the … Wikipedia
wrought — is an old past form and past participle of the verb work, surviving only in the term wrought iron, in the occasional variant wrought up (= worked up, i.e. agitated, nervous), and as a form of the expression work havoc (see wreak) … Modern English usage
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